生物碱作为天然药用植物的核心活性成分,其生物合成机制、活性表征及药理应用是天然药物研究的热点领域,荷叶生物碱更是其中兼具研究价值与应用潜力的重要类别,而当前生物碱领域的多元研究成果为荷叶生物碱的系统探索奠定了坚实基础。已有研究通过基因组学手段,成功鉴定出蝙蝠葛中参与苄基异喹啉类生物碱生物合成的甲基转移酶关键基因[1],也从粉防己中发现催化该类生物碱合成的CYP80B功能酶[4],为解析荷叶生物碱的生物合成通路、挖掘关键调控酶系提供了成熟技术范式;同时,UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap质谱结合非靶向代谢组学的技术方法,已被成功应用于附子炮制品中二萜类生物碱的化学差异分析[3],为表征荷叶不同产地、加工工艺下的生物碱成分特征提供了直接参考。此外,黄连总生物碱可通过调控转录组网络发挥降糖作用[2],草果富碱提取物能通过调节胃肠动力与肠道微生态改善功能性便秘[9],望江南叶酚碱提取物可缓解糖尿病模型大鼠心脏氧化应激[7],这些研究均证实了生物碱在糖脂代谢调节、抗氧化、胃肠功能改善等方面的显著药理活性,也印证了荷叶生物碱在相关领域的研究与应用潜力。
荷叶在食品保鲜领域的应用已有部分探索,例如已有研究表明荷叶多酚可延长猪肉制品货架期 3-5 天,对脂质氧化的抑制率可达 30%-40%[11];另有研究将荷叶提取物添加到果蔬食品的保鲜应用中,且对感官品质影响较小[12]。但现有研究仍存在明显不足:一是应用场景集中于单一食品品类,尚未针对牛肉糯米团这类 "肉类 + 糯米" 复合品类开展研究,难以兼顾肉类抗氧化与糯米抗回生的双重需求;二是萃取工艺与添加比例缺乏系统优化,未形成标准化应用方案;三是未结合职业健康与环境安全维度开展协同研究,与绿色食品加工的全面需求存在差距。
荷叶生物碱的后续研究可依托现有生物碱领域的研究体系与技术方法进一步深化拓展,相关研究思路与实验手段均能从现有成果中得到有效借鉴。在基础研究层面,可借鉴蝙蝠葛、粉防己等植物的研究思路[1,4],通过基因组学、转录组学技术挖掘荷叶中参与生物碱生物合成的关键基因与酶类,明确其合成调控的分子机制;在成分表征层面,可参考附子炮制品的分析方法[3],结合质谱分析、代谢组学等手段,系统分析荷叶不同种质、加工方式、产地环境下生物碱的化学组成与含量差异,建立标准化的成分表征体系。在药理活性与应用研究层面,可结合黄连、草果、望江南等植物生物碱的研究方向[2,7,9],开展体内外药理实验,探究荷叶生物碱在调节糖脂代谢、抗氧化、保护心血管、改善胃肠功能等方面的活性及作用机制,同时可借鉴生物碱与其他活性成分协同作用的研究思路[2],探索荷叶生物碱与荷叶中多酚等成分的协同药理效应,挖掘其在防治代谢性疾病、功能性胃肠病等领域的应用价值,为荷叶生物碱的开发利用及相关天然药物、功能性食品的研发提供实验依据与理论支撑[5,10]。
[1] Genome-wide identification and characterization of methyltransferase involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis from Menispermum dauricum. Yuwei Ma;Yaning Fu;Ge Bai;Shancen Zhao;Ya Tian;Ziyuan Zhao;Yan Wang;Zhichao Xu;Yong Chen;Zhoujie An;Ranran Gao.Chinese Herbal Medicines,2026(01)
[2] The transcriptomic-based disease network reveals synergistic therapeutic effect of total alkaloids from Coptis chinensis and total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Qian Chen;Shuying Zhang;Xuanxi Jiang;Jie Liao;Xin Shao;Xin Peng;Zheng Wang;Xiaoyan Lu;Xiaohui Fan.Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2025(08)
[3] Profiling the chemical differences of diterpenoid alkaloids in different processed products of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry combined with untargeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging. Yang Yu;Changliang Yao;Jianqing Zhang;Yong Huang;Shuai Yao;Hua Qu;Tong Zhang;Dean Guo.Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2025(08)
[4] A CYP80B enzyme from Stephania tetrandra enables the 3'-hydroxylation of N-methylcoclaurine and coclaurine in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Yaoting Li;Yuhan Feng;Wan Guo;Yu Gao;Jiatao Zhang;Lu Yang;Chun Lei;Yun Kang;Yaqin Wang;Xudong Qu;Jianming Huang.Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2025(05)
[5] An overview of the processing, chemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and clinical studies of white tea. Eric Wei Chiang Chan;Siu Kuin Wong;Hung Tuck Chan.Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,2025(10)
[6] Structurally novel tryptamine-derived alkaloids from the seeds of Peganum harmala and their antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus. Zhongnan Wu;Yubo Zhang;Guocai Wang;Qing Tang;Yaolan Li;Xiaoqing Xie;Yushen Liang;Wen Cheng.Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines,2025(08)
[7] Effect of Phenolic and Alkaloid Extract of Senna Occidentalis Leaf on the Oxidative Status of the Heart in High Fat-Diet Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats. Emmanuel Saviour Saheed;Mutiat A.Abdulkareem;Fehintoluwa Celestina Adeleke.World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2025(02)
[8] Superoxide-mediated O2 activation drives radical cyclization in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. Yuanyuan Jiang;Zhong Li;Shengying Li.Engineering Microbiology,2025(02)
[9] Alkaloid-rich Amomum tsaoko extract relieves functional constipation by regulating the gastrointestinal motility and intestinal micro-ecosystem. Yuncui Zhang;Yan Zhao;Lixiang Han;Weixing Yang;Tianyi Dai;Jun Sheng;Lei Peng;Yang Tian;Xiaoyu Gao.Food Science and Human Wellness
[10] Identification of Chemical Compositions in Ethnic Cinnamomum chago Kernels Based on UPLC-MS/MS Analysis and Their Potential Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities. Zhenzhen Liang;Tianhao Li;Bodou Zhang;Sheng Li;Jinglin Li;Haiying Wu;Wenyi Kang;Yu Zhang.Food Science and Human Wellness
[11] 李伟,张小英,陈熔,等.桉叶多酚对冷却猪肉的保鲜效果[J].食品与发酵工业,2020,46(11):252-257.LI Wei, ZHANG Xiaoying, CHEN Rong, et al. Preservative effects of Eucalyptus robusta leaves polyphenols extact on chilled pork[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2020,46(11):252-257.
[12] 肖文清, 曾荣杰, 陈展辉, 王志宏, 李侨光. 植物提取物在水果保鲜中的应用研究进展[J]. 生物质化学工程, 2025, 59(5): 104-116. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-58 54.2025.05.012