(3)国、内外研究现状和发展动态
1、睾丸间质细胞的发育过程及其对睾丸发育的影响
睾丸间质细胞(Leydig cell,LC)是位于生精小管间质间隙中的睾丸体细胞,主要功能是产生类固醇激素[1]。在哺乳动物中,LC主要分为两类:胎儿睾丸间质细胞(Fetal Leydig cell,FLC)和成人睾丸间质细胞(Adult Leydig cell,ALC)。FLC起源于中肾间充质和体腔上皮[2]。在人类受精后的6-7周中,随着睾丸索的建立,共同体细胞分化为胚胎/胎儿间质祖细胞,并逐渐分化为间质(包括 Leydig)谱系,FLC在第七周时出现,在核受体类固醇生成因子1(SF-1)的作用下,持续产生睾酮,驱动雄性生殖道的形成[3-5]。出生后,FLC数量逐渐减少,产生的睾酮直到青春期前到达最低水平[6]。但部分FLC持续存在,并分化为ALC和肾小管周围肌样细胞的共同祖细胞[3,7]。并在青春期早期,随着睾丸生态位成熟,共同祖细胞分化形成成熟的睾丸间质细胞和肾小管周围肌样细胞[8]。ALC由睾丸间质干细胞发育而来,经历祖细胞、未成熟间质细胞最终成为成熟睾丸间质细胞[9]。在未成熟间质细胞时期,垂体分泌的黄体生成素(LH)通过激活间质细胞中 LHCGR受体,促使其分化为成熟的成年睾丸间质细胞并分泌雄激素[10]。
间质细胞及其分泌的睾酮对多种发育事件起至关重要的作用。在胚胎期,FLC分泌的胰岛素样因子3(INSL3)通过激活睾丸引带上RXFP2受体,引导睾丸从腹腔下降至阴囊,而RXFP2的突变是隐睾症和男性不育的原因之一[11]。同时有实验在睾丸间质细胞衰竭 (LCF)的成年小鼠中发现睾酮含量降低,导致生精小管结构的破坏,精子发生受阻,并伴随外生殖器发育障碍与性功能的减退[12,13]。此外,有实验发现在ALC被清除的大鼠睾丸中,免疫细胞(如巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和淋巴细胞等)增殖活性显著增加,数量增多,睾丸免疫微环境被破坏[14]。并且Chi等发现在睾丸缺血再灌注小鼠模型中,巨噬细胞分泌的ROS增加,诱导外源性间质细胞干细胞(Stem Leydig cell,SLC)向巨噬细胞转移并传递线粒体,减少巨噬细胞中IL-1α、TNF-α的表达,恢复了睾酮的表达,保证了睾丸免疫微环境的稳定性和生育力[15]。
已有研究发现,SF-1在性腺体细胞中特异性表达,而细胞色素P450家族17亚家族A成员1(CYP17A1)在睾丸间质细胞中特异性表达[16]。因此在本项目中,我们构建Sf1-cre和Cyp17a1-cre小鼠,分别在谱系分化前和谱系维持时特异性敲除Dusp22基因,并探究睾丸间质细胞在睾丸分化不同阶段的发育情况,睾丸间质细胞分化后的功能维持与睾丸功能情况。
2、DUSP家族在生殖系统中的作用
双特异性磷酸酶(DUSP)是一种异质性蛋白磷酸酶,可在单一底物中对酪氨酸/丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基进行去磷酸化,并可通过与底物竞争性结合丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)调控MAPK信号通路,在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、应激响应等过程中发挥了重要作用[17-21]。大量研究表明,DUSP家族在生殖系统中起调控作用。已有实验发现,LH通过调控Hippo 通路抑制牛颗粒细胞中DUSP6蛋白的表达,调控排卵过程[22,23];而卵泡刺激素(FSH)则通过刺激DUSP6蛋白的表达参与大鼠排卵前期的颗粒细胞增殖过程[24]。这展现了DUSP6在女性排卵过程中的复杂性。研究表明DUSP5 参与卵巢成熟囊性畸胎瘤的发育过程,并且该基因的低表达可能与子宫内膜癌的发生相关[25]。Sun等发现DUSP8和DUSP16可通过调控鸡卵巢颗粒细胞的脂质沉积与孕酮的分泌影响生殖过程[26,27]。此外,DSUP家族在雄性生殖系统中也起重要的作用。Pan等发现在雄性小鼠睾丸中,MKP1(DUSP1)通过抑制P38信号通路的激活,维持支持细胞紧密连接相关蛋白的表达,保护血睾屏障,该基因的敲除会导致睾丸免疫稳态失衡,诱导炎症反应导致不育[28]。同时MKP3(DUSP6)参与维持雄性小鼠精母细胞减数分裂和精子细胞的形成,调控雌二醇等激素的分泌调控生育过程[29]。
DUSP目前已发现25种亚型,其中DUSP22(亦称JNK通路相关磷酸酶JKAP或JSP-1),属于非典型亚群的DUSP成员[30]。DUSP22的基因位于人类6p25.3染色体上,其编码的蛋白质广泛存在于心脏、骨骼肌、肝脏、胰腺等器官和组织中[31]。其通过调控T细胞受体(TCR)信号通路灭活、JNK信号通路激活、粘着斑激酶(FAK)磷酸化与雄激素受体(AR)的去磷酸化过程,在细胞凋亡、炎症反应、纤维化和肿瘤进展等过程中起到重要作用 [32-35]。最近的研究揭示,DUSP22可抑制酪氨酸介导的黏着斑激酶(FAK)磷酸化[33],直接破坏FAK/occludin/ZO-1蛋白复合物结构完整性,导致血-睾屏障(BTB)中紧密连接与粘附连接功能异常,进而破坏精子发生微环境并诱发雄性生殖功能障碍[36]。这一发现不仅将DUSP22的功能定位拓展至生殖领域,更可以合理推测DUSP22也可能通过其它潜在机制影响睾丸关键细胞(包括但不限于支持细胞、间质细胞),从而调控雄性生育力。然而,目前关于DUSP22在间质细胞中的分子机制及其对生育力的贡献仍属空白。基于上述背景,我们前期通过构建
Dusp22敲除小鼠模型,发现DUSP22在睾丸间质细胞中特异性高表达。这提示其可能通过影响间质细胞核心功能(如睾酮生物合成、激素信号转导)和细胞稳态维持参与雄性生育力调控。因此,在本研究中我们通过进一步检测Dusp22敲除对小鼠睾丸间质细胞的作用,从而为阐明DUSP22在调控雄性生育力的关键分子机制提供全新实验依据。
3.MAPK通路在睾丸间质细胞发育过程及其对男性生育力的影响
为进一步了解Dusp22敲除小鼠对睾丸功能的影响机制,新进研究的关注点为Dusp22敲除小鼠睾丸中的关键信号通路MAPK对睾丸间质细胞发育、睾丸结构功能改变与生育力功能障碍的影响。
研究发现,在喂食高脂饮食(HFD)小鼠的睾丸间质细胞中发现P38 MAPK信号通路磷酸化水平升高,睾酮合成受阻,加速了睾丸间质细胞的衰老[37]。同时,出生前暴露于邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的雄性小鼠被证明通过上调LC中的JNK和P38 MAPK信号通路,诱导睾丸间质细胞衰老与凋亡,睾丸发育不良,生精小管萎缩,精子活力低下,诱导不育[38]。此外,在六氟丙烯氧化物三聚酸(HFPO-TA)体外处理的小鼠间质细胞系中也发现,ROS表达增加并诱导内质网发生应激的发生,激活了JNK信号通路及其下游的F-box/WD重复结构域蛋白1A(β-TrCP)蛋白表达,降低了间质细胞特异性基因(如INSL3、StAR)并增加caspase-3的表达,诱导睾丸间质细胞死亡[39]。此外,MAPK信号通路对睾丸间质干细胞和祖细胞的发育也有影响。血小板衍生生长因子 BB(BB)通过激活MAPK信号通路,诱导SLC和睾丸间质祖细胞(Leydig progenitor cells,LPC)的增殖,但却降低了间质细胞分化相关基因(Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1等)的表达,间质细胞的谱系发育过程被抑制,雄激素分泌受阻[40]。
以上研究结果表明,睾丸间质细胞中的MAPK通路会影响睾酮的分泌和睾丸发育过程,调控男性不育。本研究以 Dusp22敲除小鼠的睾丸为研究对象,通过探究Dusp22基因缺失后的小鼠睾丸间质细胞MAPK通路对间质细胞发育过程和睾丸功能产生的影响及分子机制,进一步揭示DUSP22在维持男性生育力中发挥的重要作用(如图 1),为之后生殖系统相关疾病的治疗提供相关理论支持。
图1 Dusp22敲除调控睾丸间质细胞的发育过程及功能的机制研究
(本图由figdraw绘制)
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