miR-155最初是在B细胞淋巴瘤中发现的,其编码基因BIC位于人类染色体21q21[1]。随后,研究发现miR-155在多种癌症中均呈现上调表达[2-4]。随着研究的深入,人们认识到miR-155是一类具有多种功能的microRNA[5]。
miR-155在正常生理过程中发挥着多方面的重要作用。早期研究已经表明,miR-155水平在激活的成熟T细胞和B细胞中迅速上调,也可以在生发中心B细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞中上调[6]。其他研究也证实,缺乏bic/miR-155基因的小鼠的B细胞和T细胞反应减弱。免疫后的小鼠产生的IgM和转换后的抗原特异性抗体显著降低,而T细胞反应在bic/miR-155缺陷小鼠中也表现出缺陷[7]。miR-155的过表达则可增强抗原特异性CD8+ T细胞的反应,而缺乏miR-155的CD4+ T、CD8+ T细胞产生IFN-γ的细胞效率也较低[8, 9]。miR-155在酒精诱导的肝脏脂肪积累和炎症反应中起着关键作用,可能通过调节过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)、C/EBPβ等靶基因的表达以及影响巨噬细胞和库普弗细胞的极化状态来发挥作用[10]。总之在免疫反应中,miR-155缺失会产生多种免疫功能障碍,如T细胞依赖的抗体应答受损和细胞因子分泌障碍等,严重影响其免疫功能和多种生命活动。并且在活化的巨噬细胞、T 细胞、B细胞中miR-155表达显著增强[11]。
Hanahan等人于2010年在之前肿瘤六大标志的基础上进一步阐述了肿瘤的两个特征,即能量代谢的重新编程和逃避免疫破坏。除了癌细胞外,肿瘤还表现出另一个维度的复杂性:它们包含一系列被招募的、看似正常的细胞,这些细胞通过创造“肿瘤微环境”来帮助癌细胞获得标志特征[12]。在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)中,miR-155起着重要的调节作用。肿瘤微环境(TME)由浸润免疫细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞和血管及淋巴管网络组成[13],这些细胞通过miR-155与不同类型的癌细胞进行多重交流[11]。不同类型的浸润免疫细胞参与TME并有助于调节抗肿瘤信号与促肿瘤信号之间的微妙平衡。其中,淋巴细胞(特别是T细胞)、自然杀伤细胞(NKs)和树突状细胞(DCs)对肿瘤抑制至关重要,而调节性T细胞(Tregs)、髓系来源的抑制细胞(MDSCs)和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)被认为发挥免疫抑制作用。研究人员发现,当miR-155在CD8+ T细胞中过表达时,接受肿瘤挑战的小鼠的生存时间显著延长[14]。DCs中miR-155的缺陷会损害它们的成熟、迁移能力、细胞因子产生和激活T细胞的能力[15],在小鼠结直肠癌模型内,富含miR-155的外泌体可以激活DCs,促进其分泌干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)等细胞因子加快辅助性T细胞(Th)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的分化、增殖进程,增强其细胞毒性功能[16]。miR-155可以负向调控SHIP-1的表达,引起NK细胞中AKT和ERK磷酸化增强,进而促进NK细胞存活、扩展、激活和肿瘤控制的增强[17]。在治疗卵巢癌(OvCa)方面,miR-155-5p在抗肿瘤TAMs内显著上调,并使TAMs的免疫抑制活性得以逆转[18]。人类转移性黑色素瘤细胞的分泌物通过miR-155在转录后水平下调Treg细胞CTLA4 mRNA,同时上调Treg细胞中FOXP3的表达促进其免疫抑制功能[19]。在胰腺癌(PC)中,miR-155通过负转录调节SHIP-1促进免疫抑制性髓系源抑制细胞(MDSC)和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)的扩增,使免疫疗法无效[20]。在肝癌[21]、肾细胞癌[22]、非小细胞肺癌[23]和胶质瘤[24]等大部分肿瘤中,miR-155促进TAMs向M2型细胞转换,只有少数肿瘤比如在卵巢癌[18]中miR-155促进TAMs抗肿瘤活性。miR-155也可作为TAMs外泌体携带的免疫抑制分子,可以调节免疫微环境通过对程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)表达的调控,导致CD8+T细胞功能耗竭和细胞毒性活性降低[25]。
自噬是一种细胞内的分解代谢途径,通过隔离泡(自噬体)与溶酶体(提供水解酶)的融合,导致蛋白质和细胞器的降解与回收[26]。自噬在癌症中有两种作用:在肿瘤早期阶段具有预防作用,但在后期阶段则促进肿瘤生长[27, 28]。
自噬可以在肿瘤微环境(TME)中由不同因素在不同细胞中诱导,其诱导和激活既可以促进肿瘤进展,也可以抑制肿瘤进展[29]。最近的一些研究发现,自噬在免疫逃逸和调控肿瘤微环境中的趋化因子与细胞因子中发挥了作用[30]。在一项针对胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)的研究中,研究者发现自噬通过涉及NBR1的选择性机制靶向癌细胞中的MHC-I进行自噬降解,从而促进了肿瘤的免疫逃逸[31]。此外,有报道称,肝脏中的自噬通过刺激调节性T细胞来抑制抗肿瘤T细胞反应[32]。在肺部,由于LKB1缺失导致的自噬增强与抗原处理和呈递的减少相关,从而削弱了免疫检查点阻断治疗的效果[33]。除了影响抗原呈递外,自噬抑制可以导致免疫细胞浸润增加。在PyMT乳腺肿瘤中敲除FIP200,这导致CXCL9和CXCL10的产生增加,这两种趋化因子能够促进抗肿瘤CD8+细胞毒性T细胞进入肿瘤[34]。类似地,通过遗传或药理手段在B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞中消除自噬会导致CCL5的表达和分泌增加,从而增强NK细胞进入肿瘤[35]。
鉴于miR-155在肿瘤的增殖、转移和肿瘤微环境中的多重调控作用,miR-155可以为乳腺癌诊断和治疗提供有潜力的有效策略。本课题利用脂质体瞬转miR-155乳腺癌MDA-MB-231/MCF7细胞和慢病毒稳转乳腺癌MDA-MB-231/MCF7细胞构建miR-155高表达和低表达细胞系,进而研究has-miR-155-5p Mimics、Inhibitor对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231/MCF7细胞的凋亡、细胞周期、自噬等生物学功能的调控与机制。慢病毒稳转乳腺癌MDA-MB-231/MCF7细胞构建过表达和低表达稳筛细胞系后通过与免疫细胞共培养和制备荷瘤小鼠,进而研究miR-155对乳腺癌肿瘤微环境(TME)和免疫检查点的调控作用机制。
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