3.1 HSIL宫颈冷刀锥形切除后切缘阴性患者HPV持续感染
宫颈癌(cervical cancer)是女性生殖系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是唯一明确的感染性癌症[1]。浸润性宫颈癌的发生和发展是连续的病理过程,高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)持续感染是该过程的独立危险因素,在宫颈病变的转归中扮演着重要角色。对于宫颈上皮内肿瘤(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN),特别是高级别上皮内病变(high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions,HSIL),临床上最常用的治疗手段是宫颈锥切术(cervical conization),不仅可以去除病灶,而且对于HPV感染有一定的清除作用。尽管如此,术后仍有部分患者出现HPV持续感染,10.3%-22.7%的患者会出现疾病复发[2]。
3.2术后HPV感染的危险因素
宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)是由高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)的持续感染引起的,是宫颈癌症的前兆[3]。HR-HPV的持续感染是绝大多数CIN和浸润性宫颈癌的直接原因[4]。年龄、产次、吸烟、性行为和社会经济地位已被报道为介导HR-HPV持续感染的潜在因素[5]。
CIN,尤其是高级别病变的标准治疗方法是锥形切除或环形电外科切除术(LEEP)[6]。即使病变被完全切除,与普通人群相比,这些患者复发高级别病变的风险更高[7]。由于这种潜在的风险,CIN手术治疗后的密切监测是标准做法。使用HR-HPV和细胞学联合检测筛查有残留/复发高级别病变风险的患者的阴性预测值为99%[8-9]。HPV感染的检测已被强调为筛查或随访中具有高灵敏度的客观标志物,因为与单独的细胞学检测相比,观察者之间的变异性较小[8]。高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)伴HR-HPV感染已被证明是侵袭性宫颈癌症的高度预测[9,11]。
众所周知,锥切术后持续感染HPV是CIN复发的前兆。锥切后检测为HPV-的患者有6.5%的残留/复发高级别病变的风险,而检测为HPV+的患者有60.9%的风险[12]。确定CIN治疗后HPV持续存在的特征和危险因素对早期发现和治疗高级别病变和宫颈癌症以及我们对HPV感染自然史的理解具有重要意义。几项研究分析了锥切术或LEEP后HPV的持续感染和残留/复发性CIN[5,13-16]。然而,特定的HPV基因型具有不同的自然史,个体系统发育物种具有不同的致癌性。 因此,就HPV持续性而言,对特定HPV基因型的详细分析有助于扩大我们对HPV感染性质的理解[17]。美国阴道镜和子宫颈病理学会也建议组织学诊断为高级别鳞状上皮内病变的女性病人接受宫颈切除术,以消除宫颈病变和相关的高危型 HPV 感染。并指出术后存在残留病变是 CIN 病人普遍存在的临床问题。一项回顾性研究显示:约有 23.9%的高级别鳞状上皮内病变的病人在宫颈术后被诊断为残留或复发病灶。多项研究表明,锥切术后高危型 HPV 持续存在是高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)复发的独立危险因素,不论宫颈细胞学检查结果如何,治疗后的复发多发生在持续性高危型 HPV 感染的病人中。因此,术后高危HPV感染的危险因素分析是亟待解决的问题。
3.3主要参考文献和出处
[1]. 王瑾然.宫颈上皮内瘤变患者LEEP术后高危型HPV持续感染的相关因素分析[D].大连医科大学,2022(02).
[2]Zang Lejing;Huang Jiahe;Zhu Jufan;Hu Yan.European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2021
[3]Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, et al. The carcinogenicity of human papillomavirus types reflects viral evolution. Virology 2005;337:76-84.
[4] Del Río-Ospina L, Soto-DE León SC, Camargo M, Sánchez R, Moreno-Pérez DA, Pérez-Prados A, et al. Multiple high-risk HPV genotypes are grouped by type and are associated with viral load and risk factors. Epidemiol Infect 2017;145:1479-90
[5]Sarian LO, Derchain SF, Pitta DR, Morais SS, RabeloSantos SH. Factors associated with HPV persistence after treatment for high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). J Clin Virol 2004;31:270-4.
[6]Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:829-46.
[7] Melnikow J, McGahan C, Sawaya GF, Ehlen T, Coldman A. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia outcomes after treatment: long-term follow-up from the British Columbia Cohort Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:721-8.
[8] Venturoli S, Ambretti S, Cricca M, Leo E, Costa S, Musiani M, et al. Correlation of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes persistence and risk of residual or recurrent cervical disease after surgical treatment. J Med Virol 2008;80:1434-40.
[9]Alonso I, Torné A, Puig-Tintoré LM, Esteve R, Quinto L, Campo E, et al. Pre- and post-conization high-risk HPV testing predicts residual/recurrent disease in patients treated for CIN 2-3. Gynecol Oncol 2006;103:631-6.
[10] Kocken M, Uijterwaal MH, de Vries AL, Berkhof J, Ket JC, Helmerhorst TJ, et al. High-risk human papillomavirus testing versus cytology in predicting post-treatment disease in women treated for high-grade cervical disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2012;125:500-7.
[11]Kitchener HC, Walker PG, Nelson L, Hadwin R, Patnick J, Anthony GB, et al. HPV testing as an adjunct to cytology in the follow up of women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BJOG 2008;115:1001-7.
[12]. Kocken M, Helmerhorst TJ, Berkhof J, Louwers JA, Nobbenhuis MA, Bais AG, et al. Risk of recurrent highgrade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after successful treatment: a long-term multi-cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:441-50.
[13]Kim YT, Lee JM, Hur SY, Cho CH, Kim YT, Kim SC, et al. Clearance of human papillomavirus infection after successful conization in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 2010;126:1903-9.
[14] Aerssens A, Claeys P, Beerens E, Garcia A, Weyers S, Van Renterghem L, et al. Prediction of recurrent disease by cytology and HPV testing after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cytopathology 2009;20:27-35.
[15] Lubrano A, Medina N, Benito V, Arencibia O, Falcón JM, Leon L, et al. Follow-up after LLETZ: a study of 682 cases of CIN 2-CIN 3 in a single institution. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;161:71-4.
[16]Song SH, Lee JK, Oh MJ, Hur JY, Na JY, Park YK, et al. Persistent HPV infection after conization in patients with negative margins. Gynecol Oncol 2006;101:418-22.
[17] Gosvig CF, Huusom LD, Andersen KK, Iftner A, Cederkvist L, Svare E, et al. Persistence and reappearance of high-risk human papillomavirus after conization. Gynecol Oncol 2013;131:661-6.