MAPK信号通路和Nrf2信号通路与肝损伤关系密切。MAPK信号通路包括ERK、JNK和p38 MAPK等亚家族,可被多种细胞外刺激激活,将信号从细胞表面传递到细胞核,调控基因表达、细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等。在肝损伤时,氧化应激、炎症因子等可激活MAPK信号通路。适度激活ERK通路可促进肝细胞的增殖和修复,有助于肝损伤后的恢复。但过度或持续激活JNK和p38 MAPK通路,会诱导肝细胞凋亡、促进炎症反应,加重肝损伤。Nrf2信号通路是细胞内重要的抗氧化应激通路急性肝损伤时会产生大量活性氧物质,Nrf2可激活超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶基因的表达,还可诱导HO - 1、NQO1等抗氧化酶的表达,清除自由基减轻氧化应激对肝细胞的损伤。由Nrf2介导的抗氧化酶的协同上调已被广泛证明可显著减轻肝损伤,突出了其在治疗以氧化应激为特征的肝脏疾病方面的巨大治疗潜力。
急性肝衰竭目前最有效的治疗方法为肝移植;然而,供体肝的缺乏、移植禁忌症较多、移植后排斥、免疫抑制剂的长期使用、术后并发症的高发生率和难以承受的经济成本限制了其临床应用[13]。中药在治疗肝损伤时,大部分中药单体是通过提前给药对肝进行预保护,也有小部分中药单体是对肝损伤有治疗作用[14]。中药单体的抗肝损伤机制研究大多局限于动物和细胞实验,缺乏临床实验研究,仍需进一步加强。
综上所述,漆黄素在多种疾病中能够通过激活Nrf2信号通路和抑制MAPK信号通路起到治疗作用,但漆黄素在APAP诱导的急性肝损伤中是否通过上述机制发挥作用尚不清楚。因此,本研究拟通过体内体外肝损伤模型,探讨漆黄素是否能够通过激活 Nrf2信号通路降低肝脏氧化应激,以及通过抑制MAPK信号通路减轻炎症反应,从而减轻APAP诱导的急性肝损伤。
参考文献
[1] Taub R. Liver regeneration: from myth to mechanism[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2004,5(10):836-847.
[2] 杨慧. 负载漆黄素的纳米药物制备及其对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用研究[D]. 青岛科技大学, 2022.
[3] Zyoud S H, Awang R, Sulaiman S A S, et al. Effects of delay in infusion of N-acetylcysteine on appearance of adverse drug reactions after acetaminophen overdose: a retrospective study[J]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2010,19(10):1064-1070.
[4] Weaver R J, Blomme E A, Chadwick A E, et al. Managing the challenge of drug-induced liver injury: a roadmap for the development and deployment of preclinical predictive models[J]. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2020,19(2):131-148.
[5] Jaeschke H, Akakpo J Y, Umbaugh D S, et al. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury and Acute Liver Failure[J]. Toxicol Sci, 2020,174(2):159-167.
[6] Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Paradigm for Understanding Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Liver Injury[J]. Annu Rev Pathol, 2024,19:453-478.
[7] Peng Z, Gong X, Yang Y, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of quercetin against LPS/d-GalN induced acute liver injury in mice by inhibiting the IKK/NF-kappaB and MAPK signal pathways[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2017,52:281-289.
[8] Ju H, Hu K, Zhao G, et al. Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Dioscin Nanosuspensions and Evaluation of Their Protective Effect against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice[J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019,2019:3907915.
[9] Gao Z, Yi W, Tang J, et al. Urolithin A protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via sustained activation of Nrf2[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2022,18(5):2146-2162.
[10] 单莹莹, 王佳烨, 王晓丽, 等. Con A建立小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤模型研究[J]. 北华大学学报(自然科学版), 2019,20(01):55-58.
[11] Shu Y, He D, Li W, et al. Hepatoprotective Effect of Citrus aurantium L. Against APAP-induced Liver Injury by Regulating Liver Lipid Metabolism and Apoptosis[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2020,16(5):752-765.
[12] 徐安琦, 艾多, 马丞飞, 等. 特丁基对苯二酚对氮芥诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及机制[J]. 华南国防医学杂志, 2022,36(11):845-852.
[13] 韩鲁祥. 人肝源性干细胞外泌体对ConA诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用研究[D]. 济宁医学院, 2022.
[14] 赖嘉文, 徐丽静, 姚元谦, 等. 中医药介导相关信号通路治疗肝衰竭的研究进展[J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2024,30(07):272-280.
[15] Trzeciak A, Pietropaoli A P, Kim M. Biomarkers and Associated Immune Mechanisms for Early Detection and Therapeutic Management of Sepsis[J]. Immune Netw, 2020,20(3):e23.
[16] 刘世昊, 彭鑫, 魏志恒, 等. 漆黄素药理作用研究进展[J]. 常熟理工学院学报, 2024,38(05):47-53.
[17] Lorthongpanich C, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Supakun P, et al. Fisetin Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells via the Inhibition of YAP[J]. Antioxidants (Basel), 2021,10(6).
[18] Molagoda I M N, Jayasingha J A C C, Choi Y H, et al. Fisetin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response by activating beta-catenin, leading to a decrease in endotoxic shock[J]. Sci Rep, 2021,11(1):8377.
[19] Rengarajan T, Yaacob N S. The flavonoid fisetin as an anticancer agent targeting the growth signaling pathways[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2016,789:8-16.
[20] Li D, Liu X, Pi W, et al. Fisetin Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy In Vivo and In Vitro by Inhibiting Ferroptosis Through SIRT1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Activation[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2021,12:808480.
[21] Jang H, Kim G, Kim J, et al. Fisetin Inhibits UVA-Induced Expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 through the NOX/ROS/MAPK Pathway in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Epidermal Keratinocytes[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023,24(24).
[22] Qian X, Lin S, Li J, et al. Fisetin Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy-Induced Podocyte Injury by Modulating Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 Signaling Pathway[J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2023,2023:9331546.
[23] Park C, Cha H, Kim D H, et al. Fisetin Protects C2C12 Mouse Myoblasts from Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity through Regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling[J]. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2023,33(5):591-599.
[24] Liu H, Lu Q. Fisetin Alleviates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Deep Vein Thrombosis via MAPK and NRF2 Signaling Pathway[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2024,25(7).
[25] Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhuo W, et al. Fisetin, a dietary phytochemical, overcomes Erlotinib-resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells through inhibition of MAPK and AKT pathways[J]. Am J Transl Res, 2016,8(11):4857-4868.
[26] Liu X, Zhu J, Li C, et al. Alleviation of obesity cardiomyopathy by Fisetin through the inhibition of NF-kappaB/MAPK signaling[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2025,151:114319.